se-sim

se-mau

sim-mau

mel-se

mel-sim

mel-mau

sim-teis

mau-teis

mau-yak

mau-er

yak-san

Physiological differences in both sexes

duration of development

se>sim
[54]

-

-

mel≥=se
[54]

sim≤=≥mel
[30, 31, 54, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92]
(the direction varies according to fly density, etc.)

-

-

-

-

-

-

adult longevity

-

-

-

mel≥=se
[54]

mel≥=sim
[89]

-

-

-

-

-

-

concentration of essential nutrients
(nicotinic acid, aneurin, pyridoxin and riboflavin)
required for larval development

-

-

-

-

mel≤≥sim
[93]

-

-

-

-

-

-

survival in absence of biotin

-

-

-

-

mel<sim
[93]

-

-

-

-

-

-

larval hemocyte count

se≤sim
[94]

se≤mau
[94]

sim≥mau
[94]

mel=se
[94]

mel≤sim
[94, 95]

mel=mau
[94]

sim=teis
[94]

mau≤teis
[94]

mau≤yak
[94]

-

-

immune response against Hymenoptera Asobara tabida,
Cothonaspis boulardi or Leptopilina boulardi

se≤sim
[94]

se=mau
[94]

sim≥mau
[94, 96]

se≤mel
[94]

mel≤sim
[94, 96, 97]

mel≥mau
[94]
mel=mau
[96]

sim≤teis
[94, 96]

mau≤teis
[94, 96]

mau≤yak
[94, 96]

mau≤er
[96]

-

level of cytoplasmic incompatibility caused by Wolbachia
infection, percentage of Wolbachia-infected sperm cysts,
number of Wolbachia bacteria per embryo

se=sim
[98]

-

-

-

mel≤sim
[99, 100, 101, 102]

-

-

-

-

yak=san [101]

-

larval tolerance to species of fresh yeast

-

-

-

-

mel≤≥sim
[103, 104]

-

-

-

-

-

-

adult resistance to cold

-

-

sim≥mau
[50]

-

mel≥sim
[43, 50, 89, 91, 105, 106, 107]
mel≤=≥sim
[108]
mel≤sim
[92, 109]

mel≥mau
[50]

sim≥teis
[50]

mau=teis
[50]

mau≥yak
[50]

mau≥er
[50]

-

tolerance/resistance to high temperature

-

-

sim≥mau
[50]

-

mel≥sim
[43, 50, 88, 92, 105, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114]

mel≥mau
[50]

sim≥teis
[50]

mau=teis
[50]

mau=yak
[50]

mau≥er
[50]

-

adult resistance to desiccation

-

-

sim=mau
[50]

-

mel≥sim
[50, 110, 111, 115, 116]mel=sim
[107]

mel≥mau
[50]

sim=teis
[50]

mau=teis
[50]

mau=yak
[50]

mau≥er
[50]

-

adult resistance to ethanol

se≤sim
[117, 118]

se≤mau
[117, 118]

sim≥=mau
[117, 118, 119, 120]

mel≥se
[117, 118]

mel≥sim
[52, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123]

mel≥mau
[117, 118, 119, 120]

sim≥teis
[117, 119] sim≤teis
[118, 120]

mau=teis
[117, 119]mau≤teis
[120]

mau=yak
[117, 118, 119, 120]

mau≤er
[117, 118, 119]mau≥er
[120]

-

adult alcohol dehydrogenase activity

se≤sim
[118]m
se≥sim
[5]m

se≤mau
[118]m
se≥mau
[5]m

sim=mau
[5, 118]m

mel≥se
[118]m
mel≤se
[5]m

mel≥sim
[5, 118]m

mel≥mau
[5, 118]m

sim=teis [5, 118]m

mau=teis [5, 118]m

mau=yak
[5, 118]m

mau≤er
[118]m

-

adult resistance to acetaldehyde

-

-

-

-

mel≥sim
[124]

-

-

-

-

-

-

adult resistance to acetic acid

-

-

-

-

mel≥sim
[122]

-

-

-

-

-

-

larval resistance to ethanol

-

-

-

-

mel≥sim
[121, 122, 123]

-

-

-

-

-

-

embryonic survival on Morinda fruits

se≥sim
[6, 56]

se≥mau
[6, 125]

sim=mau
[6, 56, 125]

mel≤se
[6]

mel=sim
[6]

mel=mau
[6]

-

-

-

-

-

adult survival on Morinda fruits

se≥sim
[56, 126, 127]

se≥mau
[56, 126, 127]

sim=mau
[56, 126, 127]

mel≤se[56, 126, 127]

mel≥sim
[56, 126, 127]

mel≥mau
[56, 126, 127]

-

-

-

-

-

larval resistance to hexanoic acid

se≥sim
[128]

se≥mau
[128]

sim≥mau [128]

mel≤se
[128]

mel≥sim
[128]

mel≥mau
[128]

-

-

-

-

-

adult resistance to hexanoic acid

se≥sim
[127, 129, 130]

se≥mau
[127]

sim=mau
[127]

mel≤se
[127, 131, 132]

mel=sim
[127]

mel=mau
[127]

-

-

-

-

-

larval resistance to octanoic acid

se≥sim
[128, 133]

se≥mau
[128]

sim=mau [128]

mel≤se
[128, 133]

mel=sim
[128, 133]

mel=mau
[128]

-

-

-

-

-

adult resistance to octanoic acid

se≥sim
[127, 129, 134]

se≥mau
[127, 134]

sim=mau
[127, 134]

mel≤se
[127, 131, 132, 134]

mel=sim
[127, 134]

mel=mau
[127, 134]

-

-

-

-

-

adult resistance to other Morinda citrifolia compounds

-

-

-

mel≤se
[132]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

amylase activity

se≤sim
[54]

-

-

mel≥se
[135, 54]

mel≥sim
[135]

mel≥mau
[135]

sim=teis
[135]

mau=teis
[135]

mau=yak
[135]

mau≥er
[135]

-

triacylglycerol content per adult fly

se≥sim
[5]m

se≥mau
[5]m

sim≥mau
[5]m

mel≤se
[5]m

mel≥sim
[5]m

mel≥mau
[5]m

sim≥teis
[5]m

mau≥teis
[5]m

mau≥yak
[5]m

-

-

glycogen content per adult fly

se≥sim
[5]m

se≥mau
[5]m

sim≥mau
[5]m

mel=se
[5]m

mel≥sim
[5]m

mel≥mau
[5]m

sim≥teis
[5]m

mau≥teis
[5]m

mau=yak
[5]m

-

-

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity per adult fly

se≤sim
[5]m

se≤mau
[5]m

sim=mau
[5]m

mel≥se
[5]m

mel=sim
[5]m

mel=mau
[5]m

sim≥teis
[5]m

mau≥teis
[5]m

mau=yak
[5]m

-

-

glycogen phosphorylase activity per adult fly

se≥sim
[5]m

se≥mau
[5]m

sim=mau
[5]m

mel=se
[5]m

mel≥sim
[5]m

mel≥mau
[5]m

sim≥teis
[5]m

mau≥teis
[5]m

mau=yak
[5]m

-

-

a-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity per adult fly

se≥sim
[5]m

se≥mau
[5]m

sim≥mau
[5]m

mel≥se
[5]m

mel≥sim
[5]m

mel≥mau
[5]m

sim≥teis
[5]m

mau≥teis
[5]m

mau=yak
[5]m

-

-

glycogen synthase activity per adult fly

se≥sim
[5]m

se≥mau
[5]m

sim≥mau
[5]m

mel≤se
[5]m

mel=sim
[5]m

mel≥mau
[5]m

sim≥teis
[5]m

mau=teis
[5]m

mau≤yak
[5]m

-

-

hexokinase activity per adult fly

se≥sim
[5]m

se≥mau
[5]m

sim≥mau
[5]m

mel=se
[5]m

mel≥sim
[5]m

mel≥mau
[5]m

sim≥teis
[5]m

mau≥teis
[5]m

mau=yak
[5]m

-

-

malic enzyme activity per adult fly

se≥sim
[5]m

se≥mau
[5]m

sim≤mau
[5]m

mel=se
[5]m

mel≥sim
[5]m

mel≥mau
[5]m

sim=teis
[5]m

mau≥teis
[5]m

mau=yak
[5]m

-

-

6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity per adult fly

se=sim
[5]m

se≤mau
[5]m

sim≤mau
[5]m

mel=se
[5]m

mel≥sim
[5]m

mel≤mau
[5]m

sim=teis
[5]m

mau≥teis
[5]m

mau≥yak
[5]m

-

-

phosphoglucose isomerase activity per adult fly

se≥sim
[5]m

se≥mau
[5]m

sim≤mau
[5]m

mel≤se
[5]m

mel≥sim
[5]m

mel=mau
[5]m

sim≥teis
[5]m

mau≥teis
[5]m

mau≥yak
[5]m

-

-

phosphoglucomutase activity per adult fly

se≥sim
[5]

se≥mau
[5]

sim=mau
[5]

mel≤se
[5]m

mel≥sim
[5]m

mel≥mau
[5]m

sim≥teis
[5]m

mau≥teis
[5]m

mau=yak
[5]m

-

-

trehalase activity per adult fly

se≥sim
[5]m

se≥mau
[5]m

sim=mau
[5]m

mel=se
[5]m

mel≥sim
[5]m

mel≥mau
[5]m

sim≥teis
[5]m

mau≥teis
[5]m

mau≥yak
[5]m

-

-

olfactory response of the antennal ab3A neuron to hexanoates

se=sim
[7]m

se≤≥mau
[7]m

sim≤≥mau
[7]m

mel≤≥se
[7]m [29]

mel≤≥sim
[7]m

mel≤≥mau [7]m

sim≤≥teis
[7]m

mau≤≥teis
[7]m

mau≤≥yak
[7]m

mau≤≥er
[7]m

yak=san
[7]m

wingbeat frequency during flight

-

-

sim≤mau
[136, 137] [5]m

-

mel≤sim
[41, 137] [5]m

mel≤mau
[136, 137] [5]m

-

-

-

-

-

Female physiological differences

age of reproductive maturity
(mating)

-

-

-

-

mel≥sim
[45]

-

-

-

-

-

-

time before the first fertilized egg is oviposited

se≤sim
[54]

-

-

mel≤se
[54, 138, 139]

mel=sim
[11, 87, 139]

-

-

-

-

-

-

rate of egg production

se≤sim
[48, 54, 56, 57, 140]

se≤mau
[48, 57]

sim≥mau
[57]

mel≥se
[48, 54, 132]

mel≤sim
[11, 87, 141]mel=sim
[54]

-

-

-

-

-

-

stimulation of egg production by Morinda citrifolia
fruits or compounds

se≥sim
[56, 57]

se≥mau
[57]

sim=mau
[57]

mel≤se
[132]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

composition of epicuticular hydrocarbons

se≤≥sim
[142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147]

se≤≥mau
[142, 144, 145]

sim≤≥mau
[142, 145]

mel≤≥se
[142, 144]

mel≤≥sim
[142, 143, 145, 148, 149]

mel≤≥mau
[142, 145]

sim≤≥teis
[142]

mau=teis
[142]

mau=yak
[142]

mau≤≥er
[142, 144, 149]

yak≤≥san [150]

Male physiological differences

age of reproductive maturity
(mating)

-

-

-

mel≥sim
[45, 151]

-

-

-

-

-

-

rate of postmating mortality of D. simulans females mated with
males of various species

se≤sim
[152]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

male sterility at low temperatures

-

-

-

mel≥sim
[40]

-

-

-

-

-

-

presence/absence of sine songs during a single courtship phrase

se<sim
[144, 153]

se<mau
[144, 153]

sim=mau
[136, 153]

mel>se
[144, 153]

mel=sim
[136, 153, 154]

mel=mau
[136, 153]

sim=teis
[153]

sim=teis
[153]

mau>yak
[153, 155]

mau=er
[153]

-

presence/absence of two distinct pulse songs during
a single courtship phrase

se=sim
[153]

se=mau
[153]

sim=mau
[153]

mel=se
[153]

mel=sim
[153]

mel=mau
[153]

sim<teis
[153]

mau<teis
[153]

mau≤yak
[153, 155]

mau=er
[153]

-

intrapulse frequency of the pulse song

-

-

sim≤mau
[153]

-

mel≤sim
[153, 154, 156, 157]

mel≤mau
[153]

sim≥teis
[153]

mau≥teis
[153]

mau≥yak
[153, 155]

mau≥er
[153]

-

mean interpulse interval
(ipi) of the pulse song

se>sim
[144, 156, 158, 159]

se≥mau
[144, 153]

sim≥mau
[153, 158] sim≤mau
[136]

mel<se
[144, 156]

mel<sim
[136, 137, 153, 154, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162, 163]

mel≤mau
[136, 153]

sim≥teis
[153]

mau≥teis
[153]

mau≤yak
[153, 155]

mau≥er
[153]

-

oscillation period of the ipi

-

-

-

-

mel≥sim
[136, 162, 164]

-

-

-

-

-

-

amplitude of the ipi oscillation

-

-

-

-

mel≤sim
[162, 164, 165]

-

-

-

-

-

-

sine song frequency

NR

NR

sim=mau
[136, 153]

NR

mel≤=sim
[136, 153, 154, 157]

mel≤mau
[136, 153]

sim≥teis
[153]

mau≥teis
[153]

NR

mau≤er
[153]

-

courtship time spent in sine song

-

-

-

-

mel≥sim
[157]

-

-

-

-

-

-

courtship time spent in pulse song

-

-

-

-

mel≥sim
[157]

-

-

-

-

-

-

composition of epicuticular hydrocarbons

se≤≥sim
[142, 145, 146]

se≤≥mau
[142, 145]

sim≤≥mau
[142, 145]

mel≤≥se
[142, 145]

mel≤≥sim
[142, 145, 148, 149]

mel=mau
[145]

sim≤≥teis
[142]

mau=teis
[142]

mau=yak
[142]

mau≤≥er
[142]

yak≤≥san [150]